A chemical in cigarette smoke has been found to cause a reaction which can lead to ectopic pregnancies, according to Edinburgh scientists. Research from experts at Edinburgh University said Cotinine triggered a reaction which increased a protein in the Fallopian tubes.
Details of the study were published in the American Journal of Pathology. PROKR1 allows pregnancies to implant correctly inside the womb, but its presence in the Fallopian tubes is believed to increase the risks of this happening outside the womb. The study found that women who smoked and developed an ectopic pregnancy had twice as much PROKR1 in their Fallopian tubes as women who did not smoke and had previously had a healthy pregnancy. Researchers believe that too much of the protein prevents the muscles in the walls of the Fallopian tubes from contracting, which in turn hinders the transfer of the egg to the womb.
Mol Cell Endocrinol ; in press. Published online ahead of print 30 July ; DOI Corpa JM. Ectopic pregnancy in animals and humans. Einarson A , Riordan S. Smoking in pregnancy and lactation: a review of risks and cessation strategies.
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Distinct expression pattern of Dicer1 correlates with ovarian-derived steroid hormone receptor expression in human Fallopian tubes during ovulation and the midsecretory phase. Ciliated epithelial-specific and regional-specific expression and regulation of the estrogen receptor-beta2 in the fallopian tubes of immature rats: a possible mechanism for estrogen-mediated transport process in vivo. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
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Search Menu. Article Navigation. Close mobile search navigation Article Navigation. Volume Article Contents Abstract. Ruijin Shao , Ruijin Shao. Oxford Academic. Shien Zou. Xiaoqin Wang. Yi Feng. Elisabet Stener-Victorin. Revision received:. Select Format Select format. Permissions Icon Permissions. Abstract Ectopic pregnancy EP is an enigmatic reproductive disorder.
Table 1 Clinical studies examining risk for ectopic pregnancies among women who smoke cigarettes. Authors and geographical setting. Study design.
Time period. Inclusion criteria. Smoking definition. Data collection. Main results. Thorburn et al. The results of this study, said Dr Horne, suggest that the reduced production of the BAD gene in the Fallopian tube leads to an environment like that of the uterus, which encourages and allows ectopic pregnancy to occur.
He went on: "The research is exciting because it provides new scientific evidence to help understand why women who smoke are more likely to have ectopic pregnancies. It appears that smoking reduces the production of genes such as BAD which are involved in the control of cell death and promote an environment in the Fallopian tube which is attractive to the developing embryo.
Note A recent review of the effect of smoking on IVF outcomes has confirmed that smoking patients have a significantly lower chance of live birth and clinical pregnancy per cycle, and a significantly higher risk of spontaneous miscarriage and ectopic pregnancy than non-smoking patients. Effects of cigarette smoking upon clinical outcomes of assisted reproduction: a meta-analysis.
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